What type of data is most often associated with 'big data'?

The concept of "big data" primarily revolves around extremely large data sets that can be analyzed to uncover patterns, trends, and associations, especially relating to human behavior and interactions. These data sets are characterized not only by their size but also by the variety and velocity with which they are generated and processed.

When data reaches a scale that is too large or complex for traditional data-processing software to manage, it qualifies as big data. The ability to analyze these large quantities effectively can yield valuable insights that drive decision-making and innovations across various sectors.

Although there are elements of difficulty with storage and processing associated with big data, the defining feature is the sheer volume and the potential for insightful analysis. The other options focus on scenarios that don't align with the scale or the analytical depth that big data represents. Thus, the most appropriate characterization is that big data consists of extremely large data sets revealing insights through analysis.